Ring Toki Pona Comparison : 2/4: Þrjótrunn |
Henrik Theiling | ||
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ÞrjótrunnSéttjó á rít nyptur (Pars ú) Hákur deð saktars spósas eyriköllrirsu tög hef þuð bindétt úst etti, eð spóssis mitt þissuð spæsinis sve, eð þiss rékið kvæsig:] Já, Mörkur, ligust á höði að té, Mer, í þélk eð tríst tjöppri, í sól eð plý, sánur eð jögrur, ríkur eð peypir, eð hefja kyrrir uttur kú ún sól spírt eð ún sól korpur. Já úra að dönn tif ömur mjú eð honur mjú hákur eð itinmett. Eð spæsinsa dík jöklur þissi: Já, Mer, ligust á höði að té, Mörk, í þélk eð tríst tjöppri, í sól eð plý, sán eð jagur, rík eð peypir, eð hefja kyrrir uttur kú ún sól spírt eð ún sól korpur. Já úra að dönn tif ömur mjú eð honur mjú hákur eð itinmett. (Pars dve) Hákur dík saktars: Prökmur nær! Eð onnir pjörni prestir prekið autt kattið kvæsig:
Ör, erttu seppir klárr, |
Smooth TranslationSection from a Wedding Ceremony (Part One) Now the priest shall give the groom the golden ring which shall just have been blessed, and the groom puts it on his bride, and he shall recite thusly: I, Marcus, bind myself from this day forward to you, Mary, in happy and sad times, in sun and rain, healthy and ill, rich and poor, and will walk together with one single spirit and one single body. I swear to give you my love and my honour, now and in eternity. And the bride will say the same to him: I, Mary, bind myself from this day forward to you, Marcus, in happy and sad times, in sun and rain, healthy and ill, rich and poor, and will walk together with one single spirit and one single body. I swear to give you my love and my honour, now and in eternity. (Part Two) Now the priest shall say: Let us pray! And all present people with pray or sing thusly:
Jupiter, be always clear, |
Grammar
Þrjótrunn is a Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin. The syntax and phonology are mainly Icelandic.
This means:
- Word order is verb second (V2) in unmarked clauses (main and auxiliary clauses). VSO order is also possible. See below for more detailed information.
- Adjectives precede nouns.
- Genitives follow nouns.
- Otherwise, grammar is quite similar to English. :-)
Word Order
In normal phrases, the verb phrase comes second. Exactly one of the other phrases precedes it, most often the subject (in which case we get SVO order) and often an adverbial. All other phrases are behind the verb.
Examples of V2 word order:
Mary | loves | John | all the time | |
Subject | Verb | Others.... | ||
1. | 2. | .... | ||
All the time | loves | Mary | John | |
Adverbial | Verb | Others.... | ||
1. | 2. | ... |
If the word order is not V2 but V1 (=VSO), the phrase expresses something special. It might be:
- hortative (~ 'let us ...')
More things may be expressed by this, but they are not important here.
Case
In a normal sentence, nominative, accusative and dative are used for subject, object and indirect object, resp. The genitive expresses a possession or modification of the preceding noun phrase.
Prepositions select either accusative or genitive case. The lexicon lists which of the two.
Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctiv mood can express:
- optative (~ 'I shall ...', 'I wished ...', 'Let there be...')
More things may be expressed by this, but they are not important here.
Composite Verb Forms
The following composite verb forms exist:
future tense | -> | 'hefir' | + infinitive |
preterite tense | -> | 'issir' or 'hefir' | + participle perfect |
passive voice | -> | 'issir' | + participle perfect |
Only intransitive verbs may form the preterite tense with 'issir', so there is no ambiguity between preterite tense and passive voice.
The participle inflects for object's or subject's gender, number, and case: the subject's for intransitive verbs, the object's for transitive verbs (this is a simplification, but that's ok).
More composite forms exist, but they are not important here.
Article
There is no indefinite article.
The definite article is suffixed to its noun. It is inflected by gender, number, and case of the noun:
f. m. n. sg.nom. -sa -(i)s -su acc. -sa -su -su dat. -(i)s -(i)s -(i)s gen. -sir -sir -sir pl.nom. -si -si -sa acc. -sar -sar -sa dat. -sir -sir -sir gen. -sur -sur -sur
In this table, -(i)- means that -i- drops after r, l, n and after vowels.
Further, in pl.dat., -fur + -sir > -ssir.
Imperative
The imperative verb form is always accompanied by the second person pronoun.
In singular, instead of using 'tú' as an independent word, -'tu' is suffixed to the plain imperative form. Same consonant changes occur:
-ð | + | -tu | > | -ttu |
-nd | + | -tu | > | -ntu |
In plural, the normal personal pronoun 'ær' is used.
Vocabulary
Order: A Á B C D E É ... U Ú V W X Y Z Þ Æ Ö
For inflected categories, the base forms are:
sg.nom. | for | n. |
m.sg.nom. | for | adj. and pron. |
inf.pres.act. | for | v. |
að nótt | adv. | at night |
að | prep.acc. | at |
autt | conj. | or |
álfi | n.m. | pl.nom. of 'álfur' |
álfur | n.m. | elf, goblin |
á | prep.acc. | from |
bindétt | v. | part.perf.n.sg.acc. of 'bindíkir' |
bindíkir | v. | to bless |
bon | adj. | f.sg.nom. of 'bonn' |
bonn | adj. | good |
dar | v. | to give |
dá | v. | imp.act.sg. of 'dar' |
deð | v. | act.pres.subj.sg.3. of 'dar' |
díkir | v. | to say |
dík | v. | act.pres.subj.sg.3. of 'díkir' |
Dján | n.prop.f. | Diana (Moon Goddess) |
dú | adj.num. | two |
dve | adj.num. | f.pl.nom. of 'dú' |
dönn | v. | ger.acc. of 'dar' |
eð | conj. | and |
eit | v. | imp.act.sg. of 'eitir' |
eitir | v. | to help |
ert | v.intr. | imp.act.sg. of 'issir' |
eyrikollrir (1) | n.n. | golden necklace |
eyriköllrir (2) | n.n. | sg.acc. of 'eyrikollrir' |
haft | v. | act.pres.ind.sg.3. of 'hefir' |
hákur | adv. | now |
hefir | v. | have (auxiliary) |
hefja | v. | act.pres.ind.sg.1. of 'hefir' |
hef | v. | act.pres.subj.sg.3. of 'hefir' |
honur (1) | n.m. | honour |
honur (2) | n.m. | sg.acc. of 'honur' |
höði | adv. | today |
issinn | v.intr. | ger.acc. of 'issir' |
issir | v.intr. | to be |
itinmett | adv. | eternally |
íflá | v. | imp.act.sg. of 'íflár' |
íflár | v. | to inflate |
ípið | v. | imp.act.sg. of 'ípiðir' |
ípiðir | v. | to hinder |
í | prep.acc. | in |
jagur | adj. | f.sg.nom. of 'jögrur' |
já | pron.pers.1. | I |
jögrur | adj. | ill |
jöklur (1) | adj. | same |
jöklur (2) | adj. | n.sg.acc. of 'jöklur' |
kattið | v. | act.pres.subj.pl.3. of 'kattir' |
kattir | v. | to sing |
Kirir | n.prop.f. | Ceres (Harvest Goddess) |
klárr | adj. | clear |
korpur (1) | n.n. | body |
korpur (2) | n.n. | sg.acc. of 'korpur' |
kréskir | v. | to grow |
kúdýkir | v. | to lead, to guide |
kúdýkt | v. | imp.act.pl. of 'kúdýkir' |
kúittað | v. | act.pres.ind.pl.3. of 'kúittir' |
kúittir | v. | to begin |
kúleg | v. | imp.act.sg. of 'kúlegir' |
kúlegir | v. | to bind together |
kú | prep.acc. | with |
kúþínt (1) | n. | trust |
kúþínt (2) | n. | sg.acc. of 'kúþínt' |
kvanda | conj. | when |
kvæsig | adv. | so |
kyrrinn | v. | ger.acc. of 'kyrrir' |
kyrrir | v. | go |
legir | v. | to bind |
ligust | v. | med.pres.ind.sg.1. of 'legir' |
Mer (1) | n.prop.f. | Mary (some arbitrary name) |
Mer (2) | n.prop.f. | sg.acc. of 'Mer' |
mittir | v. | to don, to put on, to put |
mitt | v. | act.pres.subj.sg.3. of 'mittir' |
mjú | pron.poss. | m.sg.acc. of 'myr' |
myr | pron.poss. | my |
Mörk | n.prop.m. | sg.acc. of 'Mörkur' |
Mörkur | n.prop.m. | Markus (some arbitrary name) |
né | adv. | not |
Njöpnur | n.prop.m. | Neptune (God) |
nypti | n.f.pl. | wedding |
nyptur | n.f.pl. | pl.gen. of 'nypti' |
nægað | v. | act.pres.ind.pl.3. of 'nægir' |
nægir | v. | to sail |
nær | pron.pers.1. | we |
Olur | n.prop.m. | Aeolus (God) |
onnir | adj. | fm.pl.nom. of 'öður' |
Ólnur | n.prop.m. | Vulcanus (God) |
pars | n.f. | part |
peypir | adj. | poor |
pjörni | n.f. | pl.nom. of 'pjörn' |
pjörn | n.f. | person |
plý (1) | n.f. | rain |
plý (2) | n.f. | sg.acc. of 'plý' |
prekið | v. | act.pres.subj.pl.3. of 'prekir' |
prekir | v. | to pray |
prestir | adj. | fm.pl.nom. of 'prestur' |
prestur | adj. | present |
prótétta | n. | protection |
prótíttjun | n. | sg.acc. of 'prótétta' |
prökmur | v. | act.pres.ind.pl.1. of 'prekir' |
rékið | v. | act.pres.subj.sg.3. of 'rékitir' |
rékitir | v. | to recite |
réþríg | v. | imp.act.sg. of 'réþrígir' |
réþrígir | v. | to chill, to cool |
rík | adj. | f.sg.nom. of 'ríkur' |
ríkur | adj. | rich |
rít | n.m. | sg.acc. of 'rítur' |
rítur | n.m. | rite |
saktar | n.m. | priest |
sán | adj. | f.sg.nom. of 'sánur' |
sánur | adj. | healthy |
seppir | adv. | always |
séttjó | n.f. | section |
sjá | v.intr. | act.pres.subj.sg.3. of 'issir' |
sól (1) | adj. | m.sg.acc. of 'sóll' |
sól (2) | n.m. | sun |
sól (3) | n.m. | sg.acc. of 'sól' |
sóll | adj. | single |
spírt | n.m. | sg.acc. of 'spírtur' |
spírtur | n.m. | spirit |
splind | v. | imp.act.sg. of 'splindir' |
splindir | v. | to shine |
spósa | n.m. | sg.dat. of 'spóss' |
spóss | n.m. | bridegroom |
spæsini | n.f. | sg.dat. of 'spæsin' |
spæsin | n.f. | bride |
supirþikir | n.f. | surface |
supirþik | n.f. | sg.acc. of 'supirþikir' |
sve | pron.poss.refl. | f.sg.dat. of 'sýr' |
sýr | pron.poss.refl. | oneself's |
té | pron.pers.2. | sg.acc. of 'tú' |
tif | pron.pers.2. | sg.dat. of 'tú' |
tjöppri | n.n. | pl.acc. of 'tjöppur' |
tjöppur | n.n. | time |
tríst | adj. | n.pl.acc. of 'trístur' |
trístur | adj. | sad |
trökill | adj. | calm |
tú | pron.pers.2. | thou, you (sg.) |
tvo | pron.poss. | f.sg.acc. of 'týr' |
týr | pron.poss. | thy |
tög | pron.rel. | uninflected relative pronoun |
umbur (1) | n.f. | shadow |
umbur (2) | n.f. | sg.acc. of 'umbur' |
uttur | adv. | together |
ú | adj.num.sg. | f.sg.nom. of 'únn' |
últar | n.m. | pl.acc. of 'últur' |
últur | n.m. | face |
ún | adj.num.sg. | m.sg.acc. of 'únn' |
únn | adj.num.sg. | one |
úra | v.intr. | act.pres.ind.sg.1. of 'úrir' |
úrir | v.intr. | to swear |
úst etti | adv. | just now |
vél | n.n. | pl.acc. of 'æl' |
vétt (1) | n.f. | life |
vétt (2) | n.f. | sg.acc. of 'vétt' |
vjá (1) | n.f. | way |
vjá (2) | n.f. | sg.acc. of 'vjá' |
ýltipopull | n.m. | hidden folks |
Þaunn | n.prop.m. | Faunus (God) |
þélk | adj. | n.pl.acc. of 'þélkur' |
þélkur | adj. | happy |
þissa (1) | pron.pers.3. | n.pl.acc. of 'þiss' |
þissa (2) | pron.pers.3. | n.pl.nom. of 'þiss' |
þissi | pron.pers.3. | m.sg.dat. of 'þiss' |
þissir | pron.pers.3. | n.pl.dat. of 'þiss' |
þiss | pron.pers.3. | he; she; it; they |
þissuð (1) | pron.pers.3. | n.sg.acc. of 'þiss' |
þissuð (2) | pron.pers.3. | n.sg.nom. of 'þiss' |
þissur | pron.pers.3. | n.pl.gen. of 'þiss' |
Þortun | n.prop.f. | Fortuna (Goddess) |
þuð | v.intr. | part.perf.n.sg.acc. of 'issir' |
Þæfur | n.prop.m. | Phoebus (God) |
æl | n.n. | sail |
Ænn | n.prop.f. | Venus (Goddess) |
ær | pron.pers.2. | you (pl.) |
öður | adj. | every |
ömur (1) | n.m. | love |
ömur (2) | n.m. | sg.acc. of 'ömur' |
ömurr | n.m. | sg.gen. of 'ömur' |
Ör | n.prop.m. | Jupiter (God) |
Abbreviations
1. | first person |
2. | second person |
3. | thirs person |
acc. | accusative case |
act. | active voice |
adj. | adjective |
adv. | adverb |
conj. | conjunction |
dat. | dative case |
def. | definite |
f. | feminine |
fm. | feminine or masculine |
gen. | genitive case |
ger. | gerund |
imp. | imperative |
ind. | indicative mood |
inf. | infinitive |
intr. | intransitive |
m. | masculine |
med. | middle voice |
n. | neuter |
nom. | nominative case |
num. | numeral |
part. | participle |
perf. | perfect tense |
pers. | personal (for pronouns) |
pl. | plural |
poss. | possessive |
prep. | preposition |
pres. | present tense |
pron. | pronoun |
prop. | proper (for nouns) |
refl. | reflexive |
rel. | relative |
sg. | singular |
subj. | subjunctive mood |
tr. | transitive |
v. | verb |
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